List of Political Parties and Societies

Mainland China 中国大陆

非法党派 (Illegal and banned political parties)

歷史上的 (Historical)

白蓮敎 (White Lotus) (13th century - 1945)
哥老會 (Gelaohui) (19th century - 1949)
義和拳 (Society of Righteous Harmonious Fists) (1898 - 1901)
興中會 (Revive China Society) (1894 - 1905)
保救大清皇帝公司 (Chinese Empire Reform Association) (1899 - 1911)
光復會 (Guangfuhui) (1904 - 1905)
中國同盟會 (Tongmenghui) (1905 - 1912)
統一黨 (Unity Party) (1912 - 1913)
共和黨 (Republican Party) (1912 - 1913)
民主黨 (Democratic Party) (1912 - 1913)
交通系 (Communications Clique) (1912 - 1928)
進步黨 (Progressive Party) (1913 - 1916)
中國革命黨 (Chinese Revolutionary Party) (1914 - 1919)
憲法研究集團 (Constitution Research Clique) (1916 - 1918)
憲法商榷会 (Constitution Discussions Clique) (1916 - 1918)
新通信團 (New Communications Clique) (1916 - 1919)
和平與幸福俱樂部 (Peace and Happiness Club) (1918 - 1920)
研究系 (Research Clique) (1918 - 1924)
中国共产主义同盟（Communist League of China（1931-1948）
Ulusal Devrim Komitesi (Committee for National Revolution) (1932 – 1934)
Genç Kaşgar Partisi (Young Kashgar Party) (1933 - 1934)
Halk Anti-Emperyalist Derneği (People's Anti-Imperialist Association) (1935 - 1942)
北京工人自治联合会 (Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation) (1989)
反对动态清零政策运动/“白纸革命” (White-paper Revolution) (2022)

Hong Kong 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區

Macau 中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區

Manchukuo 滿洲國 (1932–1945)

滿洲國協和會 (Concordia Association) (1932 - 1945)
Российская фашистская партия (Russian Fascist Party) (1931 - 1943)
Бюро по делам русских эмигрантов в Маньчжурии (Bureau for Russian Emigrants in Manchuria) (1938 - 1942)
מועצת יהודי המזרח הרחוק (Far Eastern Jewish Council) (1937 - 1945)

List of Leaders

Rulers of Ancient China

Note: The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe (共和) regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute as the dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.

Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors（三皇五帝） (c. 3162 BC-c. 2070 BC)

Note: These figures are considered to be legendary and its authenticity are regarded as disputed.


Title	Name by which most commonly known	Reign (according to tradition)	In Chinese
Huang^1,4,5/Di³	Youchao	3162–2962 BC	有巢
Huang/Di³	Suiren	2962–2852 BC	燧人
Huang⁴/Di³	Fuxi	2852–2737 BC	伏羲
Huang¹/Di¹	Yan Emperor/Shennong	2737–2698 BC	炎帝 / 神農
Huang⁵/Di^1,2	Yellow Emperor	2698–2598 BC	黃帝 / 軒轅
Di²	Shaohao	2597–2514 BC	少昊
Di^1,2	Zhuanxu	2514–2436 BC	顓頊
Di¹	Ku^[2]	2436–2366 BC	帝嚳
Di¹	Zhi	2366–2358 BC	帝摯
Di¹	Yao (of Tang)	2356–2255 BC	帝堯 / 唐堯
Di¹	Shun (of Yu)	2255–2208 BC	帝舜 / 虞舜

1 — According to the Records of the Grand Historian (《史記》).

2 — According to the Chu Ci (《楚辭》).

3 — According to the Book of Rites (《禮記》).

4 — According to the Shangshu dazhuan (《尚書大傳》) and Baihu tongyi (《白虎通義》).

5 — According to the Diwang shiji (《帝王世紀》)

Xia（夏） (c. 2070 BC - c. 1600 BC)

Shang（商）(c. 1600 - c. 1046 BC)

Zhou（周）(c. 1046 - 256 BC)

Western Zhou (西周) (c. 1046 - 771 BC)

Eastern Zhou (東周} (c. 771 - 256 BC)

Emperors of Imperial China (WIP)

Qin（秦）(221 - 206)

Han（漢）(202 BC – 9 AD; 25 - 220 AD)

Western Han (西漢) (202 BC - 9 AD)

Eastern Han (東漢) (25 - 220 AD)

Xin（新） (9 - 23 AD)

Wang Mang

Cheng (成家) (25 - 36 AD)

Gongsun Shu

Three Kingdoms（三國）(220 - 280)

Cao Wei（曹魏）(220 - 266)

Shu Han（蜀漢） (221 - 263)^[3]

Eastern Wu（東吳）(222 - 280)

Jin（晉) (266 - 420)

Western Jin (西晉) (266 - 316)

Eastern Jin (東晉) (317 - 420)

Sixteen Kingdoms（十六國）(304 - 439)

Han Zhao (漢趙) (304 - 329)

Northern Han (北漢) (304 - 318)

Former Zhao (前趙) (318 - 329)

Liu Yao

Cheng Han (成漢) (304 - 347)

Cheng (成) (304 - 338)

Han (漢) (338 - 347)

Later Zhao (後趙) (319 - 351)

Former Liang (前涼) (320 - 376)

Former Yan (前燕) (337 - 370)

Former Qin (前秦) (351 - 394)

Later Yan (後燕) (384 - 409)

Later Qin (後秦) (384 - 417)

Western Qin (西秦) (385 - 400, 409 - 431)

Later Liang (後涼) (386 - 403)

Southern Liang (南涼) (397 - 414)

Northern Liang (北涼) (397 - 439)

Southern Yan (南燕) (398 - 410)

Western Liang (西涼) (400 - 421)

Helian Xia (胡夏) (407 - 431)

Northern Yan (北燕) (407 - 436)

Northern and Southern Dynasties（南北朝）(420 - 589)

Northern Dynasties（北朝）（420 - 581）

Northern Wei （北魏)（386 - 534）

Eastern Wei (东魏) (534 - 550)

Emperor Xiaojing (Yuan Shanjian)

Western Wei (西魏) (535 - 557)

Northern Qi (北齐) (550 - 577)

Northern Zhou (北周) (557 - 581)

Southern Dynasties (420 - 589)

Liu Song (劉宋) (420 - 479)

Sui Dynasty（隋）

Tang Dynasty（唐）

Emperor Taizong of Tang (Li Shimin)

Wuzhou Dynasty（武周）(690-705)

Empress Regnant Wu Zetian

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms（五代十國）

Liao/Khitan Dynasty（遼/契丹）

Song Dynasty (宋）

Jin Dynasty

Yuan Dynasty (Khagan-Emperor of Mongol Empire)

Emperor Shizu of Yuan (Kublai Khan)

Ming Dynasty（明）

Name by which most commonly known	Reign	Temple name (廟號)	Note
Emperor Taizu	1368–1398	太祖
Yongle Emperor	1402–1424	成祖 / 太宗
Emperor Yingzong	1435–1449 and 1457–1464	英宗	The only Emperor of Ming Dynasty that ruled twice due to being captured by the Mongols after a failed military campaign in 1449 (which he was granted the title Taishang Huang (太上皇) in between 1449-1457), under both era names Zhengtong (正統) and Tianshun (天順)
Chenghua Emperor	1464–1487	憲宗
Hongzhi Emperor	1487–1505	孝宗
Chongzhen Emperor	1627–1644	思宗 / 毅宗	Died by suicide when Beijing fell

Southern Ming Dynasty (南明)

The Southern Ming refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan to establish the Kingdom of Tungking.

Name by which most commonly known	Reign	Temple name (廟號)	Note
Hongguang Emperor	1644–1645	安宗	Captured and executed by Qing forces
Longwu Emperor	1645–1646	紹宗
Yongli Emperor	1646–1662	昭宗

Qing Dynasty^[4]（清）


Name by which most commonly known	Reign	Temple name (廟號)	Note
Huang Taiji	1636–1643	太宗
Shunzhi Emperor	1643–1661	世祖
Kangxi Emperor	1661–1722	聖祖
Yongzheng Emperor	1722–1735	世宗
Qianlong Emperor	1735–1796	高宗	Abdicated and held the title Taishang Huang (太上皇) for three years until his death
Jiaqing Emperor	1796–1820	仁宗
Daoguang Emperor	1820–1850	宣宗
Xianfeng Emperor	1850–1861	文宗
Tongzhi Emperor	1861–1875	穆宗	De facto rule by regency of Empress Dowager Cixi. Possibly died due to Syphilis or Smallpox
Guangxu Emperor	1875–1908	德宗	De facto rule by regency of Empress Dowager Cixi. Poisoned to death by Empress Dowager Cixi
Xuantong Emperor/Puyi	1908–1912, 1917	恭宗	De facto ruled in a brief time in 1917 after the Manchu Restoration

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (太平天國)

Name by which most commonly known	Reign	Notes
Hong Xiuquan	1851-1864
Hong Tianguifu	1864

Empire of China (中華帝國) (1915-1916)

A short-lived attempt by statesman and general Yuan Shikai who attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1915, but his rule was universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, his reign ended.

Name by which most commonly known	Reign	Era name	Notes
Yuan Shikai	1915-1916	洪憲

Notable Grand Chancellors（宰相）- WIP

Chancellors of Ancient China

Guan Longfeng (???, Xia Dynasty)
Yi Yin (???, Shang Dynasty)

Chancellors of Imperial China

Cao Cao, King of Wei (208-220, Han Dynasty)
Xiao Siwen, King of Wei (?-970, Liao Dynasty)
Wen Tianxiang, Duke of Xin (1275-1278, Southern Song Dynasty)
Lu Xiufu (1278-1279, Southern Song Dynasty)
Ahmad Fanākatī (1264-1282, Yuan Dynasty)
Hu Weiyong(1373-1380, Ming Dynasty)

Senior Grand Secretaries of Ming Dynasty^[5]

Chief Councillors of Qing Dynasty^[6]

Leaders of the Republic of China (1912-1949)

Presidents of the Provisional Government (1912-1913)

Sun Yat-sen ( Tongmenghui, 1912)
Yuan Shikai ( Beiyang clique, 1912-1913)

Presidents of the Beiyang Government (1912-1928) (WIP)

Yuan Shikai ( Beiyang clique, 1912-1916)
Li Yuanhong (Progressive Party, 1916-1917 & 1922-1923)

Chairmen of the Nationalist Government (1928-1947)

Tan Yankai ( KMT, 1928)
Chiang Kai-shek ( KMT, 1928-1931 & 1943-1948)
Lin Sen ( KMT, 1931-1943)

Leaders of Warlord states (1912-1949)

President of the Anhui Clique

Dan Qirui (1920-1926)

Govenors of the Ma Clique

Ma Anliang (Governor of Gansu 1911-1918)
Ma Qi (Governor/Chairman of Qinghai 1915-1931)
Ma Hongbin (Governor of Ningxia 1921–1928;1948–1949 and Governor of Gansu 1930–1931)
Ma Lin (Governor of Qinghai 1931-1938)
Ma Bufang (Governor of Qinghai 1938-1949)
Ma Honkui (Governor of Ningxia 1938-1949)

Emperor of Manchukuo

Kangde Emperor (Puyi) (1934-1945)

President of the Republic of China (1948-1949 de jure, in-exile in Taiwan Province de facto)

Chiang Kai-shek ( KMT, 1948-1949)
Li Zongren (Acting) ( KMT, 1949-1950)

Paramount Leaders of the People's Republic of China (Since October 1, 1949)

Mao Zedong (1949-1976)
Hua Guofeng (1976-1978)
Deng Xiaoping (1978-1989)
Jiang Zemin (1989-2004)
Hu Jintao (2004-2012)
Xi Jinping (2012-)

List of Chinese Presidents

Mao Zedong (1949-1959)
Liu Shaoqi (1959-1968)
Dong Biwu (1972-1975)
Zhu De (1975-1976)
Soong Ching-ling (1976-1978)
Ye Jianying (1978-1983)
Li Xiannian (1983-1988)
Yang Shangkun (1988-1993)
Jiang Zemin (1993-2003)
Hu Jintao (2003-2013)
Xi Jinping (2013-)

List of Chinese Premiers

Zhou Enlai (1949-1976)
Hua Guofeng (1976-1980)
Zhao Ziyang (1980-1987)
Li Peng (1987-1998)
Zhu Rongji (1998-2003)
Wen Jiabao (2003-2013)
Li Keqiang (2013-2023)
Li Qiang（2023-）

Other High Ranking Chinese Politicians

Notes and References

↑ All parties within the united front have to follow 'Socialism with Chinese characteristics'. Nonetheless they can hold platforms beside that.
↑ According to legends, Emperor Ku was said to be an inventor of musical instruments and composer of songs
↑ The Shu Han emperors are more often referred to as 先主 ("Former Master") and 后主 ("Latter Master") in Chinese historiography.
↑ The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 Aixinjueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name.
↑ After the death of Hu Weiyong, the title of grand chancellor was abolished. The office of the Grand Secretariat assumed the de facto powers of the chancellery after the reign of the Hongwu Emperor.
↑ The Qing dynasty bureaucratic hierarchy did not contain a chancellor position. Instead, the duties normally assumed by a chancellor were entrusted to a series of formal and informal institutions, the most prominent of which was the Grand Council. Occasionally, one minister may held enough power in the government that he comes to be identified, figuratively, as the "chancellor".

[1] All parties within the united front have to follow 'Socialism with Chinese characteristics'. Nonetheless they can hold platforms beside that.

[2] According to legends, Emperor Ku was said to be an inventor of musical instruments and composer of songs

[3] The Shu Han emperors are more often referred to as 先主 ("Former Master") and 后主 ("Latter Master") in Chinese historiography.

[4] The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 Aixinjueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name.

[5] After the death of Hu Weiyong, the title of grand chancellor was abolished. The office of the Grand Secretariat assumed the de facto powers of the chancellery after the reign of the Hongwu Emperor.

[6] The Qing dynasty bureaucratic hierarchy did not contain a chancellor position. Instead, the duties normally assumed by a chancellor were entrusted to a series of formal and informal institutions, the most prominent of which was the Grand Council. Occasionally, one minister may held enough power in the government that he comes to be identified, figuratively, as the "chancellor".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]