Authoritarian Capitalism

Authoritarian Capitalism (AuthCap), is an economically right wing,  authoritarian and culturally  ambivalent (though usually  right-leaning) ideology advocating for a system in which a  capitalist market economy exists alongside an  authoritarian government. Authoritarian capitalists argue that by utilizing elements of Capitalism, regimes may more effectively employ modern technologies to suppress dissidence towards government. In addition, it is argued that capitalist free-market policies leads to an increase in authoritarian policies. The core of this argument lies in the view that citizens will support whichever regime provides the most material comforts. Authoritarian capitalism is often associated with, and mistaken for, State Capitalism, an economic system in which the state undertakes business and commercial economic activity, and where the means of production are organized and managed as state-owned enterprises. The former has a higher degree of economic liberalization than the latter.

[[File:Cball-RepublicOfCuba.png]] Cuba [[File:Batista.png]]

 * [[File:Batista.png]] Fulgencio Batista - Fulgencio Batista was former president of Cuba twice (1940-1944 and 1952-1959), in addition to being a former military officer and former senator . He was one of the main leaders of the 1933 coup/Revolt of the Sergeants, in which, along with Dr. Ramón Grau, he overthrew President Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada in 1933, was later elected in 1940.

In the first presidency, he helped the US in World War II, declaring war on the Axis countries, ended up leaning to the left, having a considerable amount of regulations and taxes, in addition to declaring himself a democratic socialist, also being supported by socialists.

After the first presidency, he was a senator and founding leader of the Progressive Action Party. In 1952, with support from the Cuban army, he led a coup d'état, overthrowing President Carlos Prío Socarrás and taking over as president/dictator.

In his second presidency, he took a different position than the 1st, taking out regulations, increasing inequality, opposing unions and powering corporations. There was an improvement in the economy and development, in addition to higher salaries, but there were still high social inequalities, even lacking basic sanitation. The Cuban government at the time became known for its relations with organized crime and governmental hedonism, becoming known as "Las Vegas of Latin America" ​​for its resemblance to Las Vegas, because of the casinos, nightclubs, prostitution and drugs, housing millionaire businessman and mobsters. (Meyer Lansky and Lucky Luciano), making Cuba even appear in the movie The Godfather 2. He also legalized homosexuality, but it was only to favor homosexual prostitution, gay bars and nightclubs. There were cases of corruption (especially with mafiosi) and almost a transformation into a narco-state, especially marijuana and cocaine, being abundant and very used. The Cuban government had become a police state, known for its brutality and authoritarianism, which an estimated 20,000 civilians were killed, in addition to its dependence on the United States, especially military and economic, for its anti-communism and having been an ally, even if later had disagreements.

With various social problems, corruption and inequality, opposition to his government grew, but they were violently repressed, causing the rebels to create guerrillas, in which the best known was the July 26 Movement, led by Fidel Castro, Raúl Castro and Ernesto Che Guevara. The Movement made insurgencies with guerrilla tactics, having support from Yugoslavia, in which they tried to overthrow some of them before the revolution, but failed, having to flee. Subsequently, the Cuban Revolution took place, in which the movement (along with others) overthrew Batista on December 31, 1958 and Fidel Castro became the president, supported by the USSR.

He fled Cuba and was exiled to Portugal under Salazar, living on the island of Madeira, dying of a heart attack in Guadalmina (Spain) on August 6, 1973.


 * [[File:Batista.png]] Rafael Guas Inclán - Rafael Guas Inclán was president of the Liberal Party of Cuba, former governor of the province of Havana and former vice president during the Fulgencio Batista government. He was a supporter of the Batista government and was elected mayor of Havana, but he did not take over because of the Cuban revolution, taking refuge in Chile. He supported the CIA and wanted to join Brigade 2506 before the Bay of Pigs invasion, but was rejected because of age, however his son died in the fighting. He died in 1975 of natural causes.


 * [[File:Necon.png]] Manuel Artime - Manuel Artime was a former military man, who originally fought alongside the rebels against Batista, so much so that after the revolution, Artime participated in the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (INRA) and promoted the work of Comandos Rurales, supporting the then regime. The situation changed after the Cuban government began hunting counter-revolutionaries, in which he resigned from INRA and exiled himself with Jesuits in Havana, later going to the US, receiving CIA recruitment and training, closely involved with officer Gerry Droller. He participated in a group with dex officers, both receiving training and assessments on Useppa Island and in Panama, landing in 1961 by Brigade 2506, participating in the failed Invasion of the Bay of Pigs, being captured by the Cuban government in the same year. He was released in 1962, joining President John F. Kennedy in a welcoming ceremony for the brigade's captives. He participated in the counterrevolutionary unit AMWORLD, with attacks on coastal installations in Cuba, but the unit was abolished under Lyndon B. Johnson. Other things involved would be a failed attempt to assassinate Fidel Castro and organized the Miami Watergate scandal.


 * [[File:Batista.png]][[File:Necon.png]] Erneido Oliva - He was a Cuban soldier who graduated from the Artillery Academy in 1955, being an instructor at the Caribbean School of the US Army in panama canal zone between 1958-59. Even with the purge of the military after the Cuban revolution, he was still appointed Inspector General of INRA, but ended up participating in a group that planned a campaign against Castro in 1960, in which he left the army in the same year, which, along with other 40 young people, was trained in Guatemala by the CIA. He became deputy commander of Brigade 2506, participating in the Bay of Pigs invasion at the behest of Pepe San Roman in 1961, but was caught by the Cuban government in 1962 after the Cuban government ransom the three Brigade leaders. Along with Artime and others captured from the brigade, they sided with John F. Kennedy in a welcoming ceremony and developed a good relationship with Attorney Robert F. Kennedy. It was involved with the Cuban Project, led by Manuel Artime, carrying out coastal attacks in Cuba, having its headquarters in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, but ended up being terminated in the LBJ government, after the death of JFK. Even so, he remained anti-Castro after several military appointments, founding the Cuban-American Military Council (CAMCO) to promote cooperation with the anti-Castro Cuban military. In 2008, Oliveira won the Heritage Award, a few years later he was appointed to the Board of Governors of the United States Organizations (USO) by then President George W. Bush. He ended up dying on January 30, 2020 from natural causes.

[[File:Cball-Singapore.png]] Singapore [[File:PAP(Singapore).png]]
Singapore is an example of authoritarian capitalism, in which it is the country with the most economic freedom in the world according to the Heritage Foundation, but is regarded as a failed democracy according to the Economist Intelligence Unit and 47/100 at liberty according to Freedom House. No elected president was from any party other than the PAP, homosexuality is prohibited, all media (radio, newspapers, television channels, among others) belong to companies linked to the government, in addition to the internet being restricted with the excuse of "fighting terrorism" or "racial or religious tensions", among other authoritarian measures, making Singapore known as "Disneyland with the death penalty", being accused by William Gibson of being a Capitalist Technocracy.


 * [[File:Authoritarian Conservatism.png]] Lee Kuan Yew - Lee Kuan Yew (1923-2015) was the first Prime Minister of [[File:Cball-Singapore.png]] Singapore and is widely considered to be the city state's founding father. Lee was born in Singapore when it was still under  [[File:Cball-UK.png]] British  [[File:Colonial.png]] colonial rule as part of the Straits Settlements. During the  [[File:Showa.png]] Japanese Occupation in the midst of WWII, Lee managed to evade death as the Japanese ordered all Singaporeans of Chinese descent to be screened as part of the Sook Ching operation.

The future leader of Singapore got a job with the Japanese  propaganda department (Hōdōbu) in late 1943, as an English specialist. As Lee came to anticipate that the British Allied Forces would re-invade their former colony he quit his job at the Japanese propaganda department and spent the remainder of the war engaging in private enterprises and black markets. After being forced to kneel in front of a Japanese soldier he came to realize that the Japanese were a far more cruel and vicious occupying force than Singapore's former British colonizers. Lee Kuan Yew now understood that no Empire had the right to rule over them and that the people of Singapore would eventually have to take matters into their own hands and push for independence and self-determination.

After the war and Japan's surrender to the Allied Forces, Lee got a Queen's scholarship and went to study abroad in London where his anti-colonial sentiments kept growing. He returned to Singapore in 1950 together with his wife Kwa, determined to end British colonial rule and create a unified and independent Malaya and   Singapore. Lee turned heavily to the city's Chinese-speaking community and trade unions and was willing to cooperate with regional  communist movements as he sought to create a popular front. The People's Action Party (PAP) was founded in 1954 and eventually, Lee sought to purge the Party of his former communist allies in wake of the 1956 Chinese Middle School riots.

The People's Action Party won its first electoral victory in the 1959 election and with Lee Kuan Yew appointed as Singapore's first prime minister. He initially sought to unify Singapore with Malaysia but ethnic conflicts and ideological differences led to Singapore becoming a sovereign city-state in 1965. Lee and the PAP had overwhelming parliamentary control at every election and oversaw Singapore's transformation into a developed high economy country, with a highly effective,  anti-corrupt government and civil service.

Lee eschewed populist policies in favor long term social and economic planning and did everything he could to attract foreign investment for multinational corporations. Singapore consistently ranks at the top of the World Bank's "Ease of Doing Business Report."

However, Lee's rule has been described as authoritarian by critics, with accusations of curtailing press freedoms, imposing narrow limits on public protests, restricting labor movements from strike action through legislation, and co-option, and bringing defamation lawsuits against political opponents. Lee Kuan Yew finally stepped down as Prime Minister in 1990 after over 30 years in power.


 * [[File:Authdem.png]] Lee Hsien Loong [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]]: Lee Kuan Yew's eldest son Lee Hsien Loong has served as Prime Minister of Singapore and Secretary-General of the People's Action Party (PAP) since 2004. Although Lee Hsien Loong isn't quite as authoritarian as his father, other political parties still don't stand much of a chance against The PAP. Caning is still a widely used form of corporal punishment in Singapore. Press Freedom remains very low with journalists and netizens critical of the ruling party being forced to pay heavy fines for expressing their opinions.

[[File:Cball-US.png]] The United States [[File:Conservative Posadism.png]][[File:McCarthy.png]][[File:CIA.png]][[File:FBI.png]][[File:HenryKissinger.png]][[File:Cheney.png]]
"Main Articles: Neoconservatism and  Paleoconservatism"

From the year 1950 onwards McCarthy frequently exploited Cold War tensions and the fear of communism and even began to investigate homosexuals working in the foreign policy bureaucracy, on the ground that they were prime candidates for blackmail by the Soviets (See: Lavender Scare). Said baseless accusations against homosexual government workers received wide publicity and gained him a powerful national following.
 * [[File:McCarthy.png]]  Joseph McCarthy was an American politician and attorney who served as a Republican Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. The term "McCarthyism" was coined in the 1950s in reference to McCarthy's widespread [[File:Anticommunism.png]] anti-communist paranoia, fearmongering, and allegations that numerous communists and Soviet spies, and sympathizers had infiltrated the United States federal government, universities, and elsewhere. Joseph McCarthy rose to national fame in February 1950, when he asserted in a speech that he had a list of "members of [[File:ML.png]] the Communist Party and members of a spy ring" who were employed in the State Department.

McCarthy's methods also brought on the disapproval and opposition of many. With the highly publicized Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954, and following the suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester C. Hunt that same year, McCarthy's support and popularity faded. Ultimately, the smear tactics and threats that he used led him to be censured by the U.S. Senate.

[[File:CBall-Mexico.png]] Mexico [[File:DíazOrdaz.png]][[File:PRI.png]][[File:PorfirioDíaz.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Guatemala.png]] Guatemala [[File:JorgeUbico.png]]
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=== Operation Condor === "Main Articles: Neoconservatism,  Pinochetism, and  National Capitalism"

Operation Condor was an operation between 1968 and 1989 in South America, which took governments from the left and placed capitalist dictatorships. The operation is known for its anti-communism and being an example of "American imperialism". The affected countries were: Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay,  Bolivia,  Chile and   Paraguay and their supporters were:
 * [[File:Posada.png]]Luis Posada Carriles - Luis Posada Carriles was an [[File:Anticommunism.png]]anti-communist militant and terrorist, in which he was responsible for overseeing the capture of [[File:Guevara.png]] Che Guevara. In the condor operation, he was responsible for carrying out terrorist attacks in [[File:Castro.png]] Cuba and the assassination of Orlando Letelier, the main opponent of the [[File:Pinochet.png]] Pinochet government.
 * [[File:Videla.png]] Jorge Rafael Videla, [[File:ColoradoParty-Stroessner.png]] Alfredo Stroessner, [[File:NDA-Banzer.png]] Hugo Banzer - The aforementioned dictators are now very similar, [[File:Videla.png]] Videla being the cruelest. In these dictatorships, [[File:Native.png]] indigenous peoples were persecuted, economic liberalization, support for [[File:Nazi.png]] Nazi refugees and (in [[File:Videla.png]] Videla's case) persecution of [[File:Zio.png]] Jews.
 * [[File:EmílioMédici.png]] Emílio Garrastazu Médici - Emílio Garrastazu Médici was a Brazilian dictator who took over after the condor operation. The Medici government is known for economic improvement and [[File:Sec.png]] Authoritarianism, especially for [[File: Legalism.png]] AI5, a law that allows censorship, restricting civil rights and torture. It also banned pornography.
 * [[File:Bordaberry.png]] Juan María Bordaberry - Juan María Bordaberry was a [[File:Cball-Uruguay.png]] Uruguayan dictator who also took over in the condor operation, in the 1973 coup. His system was capitalist and agricultural with inspirations from [[File: Fash.png]] Fascism and [[File: Franco.png]] Francoism.
 * [[File:Pinochet-hat.png]] Augusto Pinochet - See: Pinochetism'''.

[[File:Argentina.png]] Argentina [[File:Videla.png]][[File:JoséMartínezdeHoz.png]][[File:RobertoEduardoViola.png]][[File:Galtieri.png]]
"''Main Article: Videlaism" In Argentina, the dictatorship began after the fall of Isabel ita Perón with a military coup in 1976, swearing in Jorge Rafael Videla as president in a dictatorship known as "Proceso de Reorganización Nacional". The dictatorship became known for its brutality and authoritarianism (with some considering it as totalitarianism), as well as a refuge from post-war Nazis and anti-Semitism, so much so that Videla became known as "Hitler of the Pampa", but also had some economic improvements thanks to the minister of José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz's economy, even if he subsequently had increased debt and tax evasion. Videla stayed in power for 5 years, being succeeded by Roberto Eduardo Viola (8 months), Leopoldo Galtieri (5 months) and finally, Reynaldo Bignone (1 year and 5 months).
 * [[File:Videla.png]] Jorge Rafael Videla - As already said, Videla was known for his high degree of brutality and authoritarianism, forbidding and burning books, media, committing kidnappings, torture, murders and others, but still tried to leave the image that Argentina fulfilled human rights and had freedom, as in the case of the 1978 world cup. There was an increase in public works of considerable utility, but there were also overpricings obscured by the government.
 * [[File:Videla.png]] Albano Harguindeguy -Albano Harguindeguy was a military former Minister of the Interior of Argentina, known for his crimes against humanity. Under the dictatorship, he was responsible for torturing opponents, usually using torture methods used by France in the Algerian War of Independence, which he learned at the School of the Americas (school of torture in Panama). He subsequently benefited from Carlos Menem's pardon, but later he went through prosecutions and died in 2012 while serving criminal proceedings.
 * [[File:RobertoEduardoViola.png]] Roberto Eduardo Viola -
 * [[File:Galtieri.png]] Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri -
 * [[File:Authdem.png]] Reynaldo Bignone -

[[File:Cball-Bolivia.png]] Bolivia [[File:NDA-Banzer.png]][[File:GarcíaMeza.png]][[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Brazil.png]] Brazil [[File:ARENA-Brazil.png]][[File:EmílioMédici.png]][[File:Geisel.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Chile.png]] Chile [[File:Pinochet-hat.png]][[File:Leigh.png]][[File:WhiteTerror.png]][[File:ColoniaDignidad.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Paraguay.png]] Paraguay [[File:ColoradoParty-Stroessner.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Uruguay.png]] Uruguay [[File:UruguyanAuthcap.png]][[File:Bordaberry.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Peru.png]] Peru [[File:MoralesBermúdez.png]][[File:Apra.png]][[File:AlbertoFujimori.png]][[File:KeikoFujimori.png]]
"Main Article: Fujimorism"
 * [[File:MoralesBermúdez.png]] Francisco Morales Bermúdez  was a [[File:Cball-Peru.png]] Peruvian military officer and politician known for overthrowing the [[File:Soc.png]] leftist socialist-leaning [[File:Strato-Antifurry.png]] military government of [[File:JuanVelasco.png]] Juan Velasco Alvarado in August 29th 1975. Initially, the new military government claimed to continue the revolutionary process started during the previous government, but in a more [[File:Moder.png]] moderate way without the excesses commited during Juan Velasco's era, which the new government blamed to the [[File:ML.png]] far-left influence, which was proposed to be removed, first by disbanding [[File:Authdem.png]] SINAMOS. However, in early 1976, the government officially abandoned its pro-socialist agenda, and would start counter-reforms with some liberalization of the economy, while still being an authoritarian military dictatorship. After a nationwide strike organized by the [[File:Synd.png]] CGTP in 1977, Morales-Bermúdez's military government started a democratic transition process, which was completed in 1980.

[[File:Cball-South Korea.png]] South Korea [[File:SyngmanRhee.png]][[File:ParkChungHee.png]][[File:DemocraticJusticeParty.png]][[File:Saenuri.png]]
"Main Article: Ilminism"


 * [[File:ParkChungHee.png]] Park Chung-hee was a dictator in [[File:Cball-South Korea.png]] South Korea and the 3rd head of state in modern [[File:Cball-South Korea.png]] South Korea. In his government, the economy grew substantially, as it hears numerous economic miracles, the best known being the sharp drop in mortality and extreme poverty. He was also extremely authoritarian, banned freedom of expression and politics, sent homeless people to forced labor camps, and replaced [[File:Bud.png]] Buddhism with [[File:ProtTheo.png]] Protestantism, banned the Chinese language and implanted nationalism.

[[File:Cball-Philippines.png]] The Philippines [[File:Marcos.png]][[File:BongbongMarcos.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Japan.png]] Japan [[File:Meiji.png]][[File:Taishō.png]][[File:JapImp.png]][[File:Yoshida.png]][[File:Hoshino.png]][[File:LDP(Japan).png]][[File:NeoShowa.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russia [[File:Stolypin.png]][[File:Yeltsin.png]][[File:Putin.png]][[File:Medvedev.png]][[File:Oligarchy.png]]
"Main Articles: Kleptocracy, and  Oligarchy"

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=== China === "Main Article: Dengism" W.I.P

[[File:Cball-Kazakhstan.png]] Kazakhstan [[File:Nazarbayev.png]][[File:Tokayev.png]]

 * [[File:Nazarbayev.png]] Nursultan Nazarbayev  is a Kazakh politician who served as the first President of [[File:Cball-Kazakhstan.png]] Kazakhstan, in office from the country’s independence in 1991 until his formal resignation in 2019, and as the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2022. Nazarbayev began his political career during [[File:Cball-USSR.png]] the Soviet Era and served as Prime Minister of the Kazakh SSR from 1984 until 1989 when he became First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan (QKP), 1989. In 1990, Nazarbayev was appointed as Kazakhstan's first president by the Supreme Soviet and supported Russian President [[File:Yeltsin.png]] Boris Yeltsin against the attempted coup in August 1991 by the Soviet hardliners.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Nazarbayev turned Kazakhstan into a  kleptocratic  dictatorship, through the ruling party   Nur Otan and like many other post-communist countries, as human rights abuses were severe, dissent was suppressed, and elections were not free and fair, with Nazarbayev regularly winning over 90% of the vote. Nazarbayev established a cult of persona, with schools, streets, and even the country's capital being named after himself. In contrast to other Post-Soviet leaders such as Alexander Lukashenko of  Belarus or  Sapamurat Niyazov of  Turkmenistan, Nazarbayev went beyond  state capitalism and actively pursued  privatization of industries and encouraged foreign investment by multinational corporations. During his 3-decade-long rule he managed to balance international relations between both Russia,  the US, and  China. Nazarbayev went to great lengths to maintain close economic ties with Russia by introducing Kazakhstan into the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) while also pursuing close cooperation with NATO, and participating in China's Belt and Road Initiative.

Nazarbayev's dictatorial rule would face much resistance on multiple occasions. Most notably by businessman and political activist  Mukhtar Ablyazov who lives in exile in Europe because of his political activities and corruption charges. In December 2011, opponents of Nazarbayev rioted in the Mangystau region, resulting in 15 people being shot dead by security forces, in what was known as the Zhanaozen massacre and subsequent trials and arrests of protestors revealing widespread torture and abuse of detainees. In March 2019, Nazarbayev finally resigned from the presidency amid anti-government rallies and was succeeded by his close ally Kassym-Jomart Tokayev.


 * [[File:Tokayev.png]] Kassym-Jomart Tokayev - After Nazarbayev's departure in 2019, Tokayev assumed the presidency of Kazakhstan. After taking office, he adopted some reforms over time, such as decentralization, increasing wages, decreasing corruption, ending capital punishment, a slight decrease in authoritarianism, and other reforms. Economically, he supports the private sector, in addition to adopting fiscal policies (inflation control, tax incentives, etc), increasing cryptocurrency mining, building plants. Even after Nazarbayev left, the Kazak government continued to be extremely authoritarian, as in the case of the "bloody January" that took place after demonstrations against the sharp rise in gas prices, in which the government repressed with an iron fist, with military intervention supported by the Organization of Collective Security Treaty (CSTO), but still protests escalated and became more violent, along with discontent over inequalities and the plight of the government. The government called the protesters terrorists and continued the repression, in total 227 people died and thousands were arrested, in addition to the government taking into account some of the protesters' agenda (inequality, gas price, etc).

[[fILE:Cball-Kyrgyzstan.png]] Kyrgyzstan [[File:Authdem.png]][[File:Klep.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Ukraine.png]] Ukraine [[File:Lebed.png]][[File:Kuchma.png]][[File:A3OB.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Uzbekistan.png]] Uzbekistan [[File:Mirziyoyev.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Tunisia.png]] Tunisia [[File:BenAli.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Egypt.png]] Egypt [[File:NDP(Egypt).png]][[File:Morsi.png]]

 * [[File:NDP(Egypt).png]] Hosni Mubarak - Hosni Mubarak was a former president, former vice president and briefly former prime minister, in addition to have had a military career. As a military man, he trained in the Soviet Union, entering the Frunze Military Academy in Moscow, returning to Egypt afterwards. In Egypt, he became commander of the air force academy, in which he doubled the amount of pilots, having a supposed strong participation in the Yom Kippur war, in which the pilots hit 90% of the targets, becoming a national hero. There have been claims that he changed documents in the Yom Kippur war to favor himself, taking credit for Saad El-Shazli (according to the general's daughter), while others claim he played a greater role psychologically.

As vice-president of Anwar Sadat, he tried to disassociate himself and disengage Egypt and other countries from Israel, as in the case that he tried to make a disengagement agreement, but was blocked by the then president of Syria Hafez Al-Assad. He also improved relations with Saudi Arabia and royals, as well as a certain power in international relations and opposing the Camp David Accords.

He came to the presidency in 1981, after the death of Anwar Sadat. As president, Egypt was suspended from membership in the Arab League because of Sadat's previous peace treaty with Israel, but ended up moving even closer to Saudi Arabia. After the alleged threat of Khomeini in the Islamic world and the Iran-Iraq war, there was a rapprochement between Egypt and the League, especially its support for member countries (such as Iraq and Jordan), making Egypt join the Arab League in 1989. Mubarak's government, there was a strong increase in the economy, services, housing, medicines, etc..., in addition to being pro economic freedom and the Egyptian state employing 8 million people. Many accuse him of anti-Semitism and police authoritarianism, also having reports of various methods of torture and sexual abuse by police, as well as an autocracy. He maintained strong relations with the US and a certain dependence on the economy, but there were some divergences between the two and a slight improvement with the USSR. One of the outstanding things about his government was the corruption and family plutocracy, in which there were accusations that his family could have up to 70 billion with illegal activities (bribery, embezzlement, illegal trade...), in addition to increasing corruption involving entrepreneurs. He was a strong opponent of Islamic radicalism, being pro-secularism, in which jihadists have already tried to assassinate him.

After the detonation of a bomb next to a Christian church in Alexandria in 2011, several Christian and Muslim people began to protest against their government and its police brutality, which after the fall of Ben-Ali in the Arab Spring, the protests intensified. After Egypt experienced economic problems, protests reached hundreds of thousands, causing Mubarak to resign in the same year.


 * [[File:NDP(Egypt).png]] Ahmed Nazif - Ahmed Nazif was Mubarak's former prime minister and former Minister of Communications and Information Technology, known for his combination of technocracy and neoliberalism. As prime minister, he was accused of wasting money and corruption, but the Egyptian courts found him not guilty. As Minister of Communications and Information Technology, he was known for encouraging investment from international markets and IT, in addition to free internet and private markets, also promoting outsourcing, preventing brain drain, increasing the means of communication (even though Egypt is a dictatorship), among other improvements that won him the Medal of First Degree of Science and Art in Egypt.

[[File:Cball-Nigeria.png]] Nigeria [[File:Babangida.png]][[File:Obasanjo.png]]
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[[File:Liber.png]] Liberia [[File:SamuelDoe.png]]
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[[File:Cball-Rhodesia.png]][[File:Cball-Zimbabwe.png]] Rhodesia/Zimbabwe [[File:Rhodesian-Front.png]][[File:NewMugabe.png]]
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=== South Africa ===
 * [[File:Cball-Ciskei.png]] Lennox Sebe -  Lennox Sebe was the first president, former chief minister and responsible for the independence of the Ciskei Bantustan, also being the founder and leader of the National Independent Party Ciskei.

As president, he ruled Ciskei with an iron fist, creating a dictatorship that persecuted opponents, unions (such as the Allied Workers Union of South Africa, banned in 1983), strikers and even some anti-government family members such as his brother Charles Sebe tried to overthrow him, but failed and was later arrested. After his prison break, Charles kidnapped Sebe's son in 1987, causing Sebe to release some politicians in return. He also had very close contact with Israel, creating a commercial office in Tel Aviv, he even claimed that Israell had given recognition to Ciskei, but the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs denied it.

During a state visit to Hong Kong, Brigadier General Oupa Gqozo staged a coup d'état in 1990, being the penultimate president of Ciskei. After the presidency, he was accused of corruption and human rights violations.

[[File:Cball-Rwanda.png]] Rwanda [[File:FPR(Rwanda).png]][[File:ÉdouardNgirente.png]]

 * [[File:FPR(Rwanda).png]] Paul Kagame - Paul Kagame is an ethnic Tutsi and the current President of Rwanda, former President of the African Union, former Vice President, former Minister defense and ex-military from both Rwanda and Uganda. As a military man, he participated in the Bush War and resistance against Idi Amin, joining Museveni's army, FRONASA, later also joining the Popular Resistance Army. Later, along with Fred Rwigyema, they joined the Rwandan Patriotic Front. Along with Fred Rwigyema, they fought in the Rwandan Civil War, with the RPF becoming a guerrilla war against Hutu presidents, who planned to exterminate the Tutsis, triggering the Genocide in Rwanda. Even though he managed to defeat the government, stop the genocide and save lives, many question his methods, especially his appreciation for the power and alleged extremism of some RPF members.

As defense minister, he was accused of attacking Hutu refugees in Congo, as well as having participated in Congo's wars against Mobuto, even though he had allegations of human rights abuse against Kagame. He tried civic nationalism, with a government not dominated by Tutsis, but there were accusations of quarrels against Hutus.

After scandals of corruption and mismanagement, then-President Bizimungu resigned in 2000, leaving the post to Kagame, even though he had claims Bizimungu was a puppet of Kagame. He won 3 elections in 2003, 2010 and 2017, but there were accusations of state interference to ensure Kagame's victory. In his government, there were several improvements, especially economic and social, in general, the most notable measures are: Even with improvements in some aspects, there are still numerous accusations of human rights abuse, such as killing opponents even outside the country, such as the case of Patrick Karegeyana and the attempted murder of Kayumba Nyamwasa. The South African government accuses Kagame of killing opponents in his country. In addition to the Democracy Index classifying Ruando as a dictatorship, more authoritarian than Russia.
 * Having condemned the main actors involved in the genocide in Rwanda and having condemned the UN's lack of action against the genocide.
 * Reduction of extreme poverty that in 2000 was 58.9% dropped to 44.9% in 2012.
 * Vaccination of 97% of children against ten different diseases.
 * Average increase of 7% of GDP per year.
 * Vetoing a bill in 2009 that intended to criminalize homosexuality.
 * 61.3% of Rwanda's parliament is composed of women.
 * Liberalization and debureaucratization of the economy.
 * Investment in poverty alleviation and technology.
 * Decreased corruption.
 * [[File:ÉdouardNgirente.png]] Édouard Ngirente - Édouard Ngirente is the current prime minister of Rwanda chosen by Paul Kagame after the 2017 elections, he was also a former mechanical consultant to the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, former adviser to the Executive Director of the World Bank and former professor at the National University of Rwanda. When prime minister, he encouraged foreign investment, tax payments, environmental preservation, support for Kagame, better relations with other African countries and increased infrastructure.

[[File:Cball-Pakistan.png]] Pakistan [[File:AyubKhan.png]][[File:YahyaKhan.png]][[File:Zia.png]][[File:Auth3Way.png]]
W.I.P

[[File:Cball-Cambodia.png]] Cambodia [[File:Hun Sen.png]]
W.I.P.

[[File:Hochi.png]] Vietnam [[File:Đổi_Mới.png]][[File:NguyễnTấnDũng.png]]

 * [[File:NguyễnTấnDũng.png]] Nguyễn Tấn Dũng is one of the most influential and notable Vietnamese modern-day politicians who served as the Prime Minister of [[File:Hochi.png]] Vietnam from 2006 to 2016. Despite having been part of the [[File:VietCong.png]] Viet Cong to topple the US-backed [[File:Cball-SouthVietnam.png]] South Vietnamese regime during the Vietnam War he has become notorious for being one of the most right-wing Vietnamese politicians since the country's reunification. During his decade-long reign, Vietnam abandoned any semblance of either [[File:Soc.png]] socialism or [[File:Dem.png]] democracy and became an [[File:Authcap.png]] authoritarian capitalist dictatorship strongly aligned with both western and Chinese [[File:Corp.png]] corporate interests (although he at least pretended to oppose [[File:Cball-China.png]] China's claims in the South China Sea for nationalist reasons).

Nguyễn Tấn Dũng and like-minded Vietnamese politicians cultivated an environment of corruption and nepotism making the bribery of local officials a necessity for many Vietnamese citizens to get by. Press Freedom deteriorated rapidly during his reign with netizens often being forced to pay heavy fines for criticizing the CPV's regime. Nguyễn Tấn Dũng's influence in Vietnamese politics has decreased significantly in recent times due to losing a power struggle to the current General Secretary of the CPV, Nguyễn Phú Trọng.

[[File:Cball-Venezuela.png]] Venezuela [[File:Gomez.png]][[File:PérezJiménez.png]][[File:Auth3Way.png]]
W.I.P

[[File:Cball-Ecuador.png]] Ecuador [[File:Febres-Cordero.png]]

 * [[File:Febres-Cordero.png]] León Febres Cordero - León Febres Cordero was a former president of Ecuador, former mayor of Guayaquil, former senator and former deputy. As a deputy in 1966, he participated in the drafting of the new constitution, approved in 1967. In 1968, he was a senator representing the productive sectors until parliament was dissolved in 1970. He ran for president in 1984, for the Christian Social Party, which made a coalition called the Frente de Reconstrución Nacional. With the slogan "Bread, roof and jobs", he won the elections with 51.54%.

In his government, he made a strong confrontation with the parliament, especially for not making a considerable increase in salary, but a little higher than inflation. An important aspect was his fiscal and neoliberal policy, in which he improved the management of public spending, making the economy grow and have surpluses. Another economic aspect of Febres Cordero was the increase in non-oil exports, reaching 1.8 billion dollars, in addition to strong investments in construction (especially hospitals), roads, health and culture, reaching 15% of the central banks, generating 5% profit.

There were numerous accusations of corruption, especially in the armed forces with over-invoicing, being evident in the case that even involved kidnapping, called "El Taurazo". There were several cases of death squads that carried out torture, kidnapping, murder and sexual abuse against some opponents, such as activist Consuelo Benavides. His government had a violent response against the Alfaro Vive terrorist group, ¡Carajo!, dubbed the "fight against crime", even though most of those tortured were not related to the group. There was the elite group escuadrones voadores/escuadrones de la muerte, in which they repressed protests and carried out "social cleansing" against prostitutes, people of the left, LGBT people, some indigenous people and transsexuals. This elite used mutilation and torture that left the survivors with permanent physical deformities, being financed by the private sector. Among other scandals, they did not run in the 1988 elections, being succeeded by Rodrigo Borja Cevallos.

as mayor of Guayaquil, he decentralized and practiced a social market economy and modernization of the city.

[[File:Cball-Serbia.png]] Serbia [[File:Milosevic.png]][[File:SNS(Serbia).png]][[File:Ana Brnabić.png]]
"Main Article: Ethnic Nationalism" W.I.P

[[fILE:Cball-BosniaHerzegovina.png]] Bosnia and Herzegovina [[File:Dodik.png]]
W.I.P

[[File:Cball-Montenegro.png]] Montenegro [[File:DPS.png]]
W.I.P

[[fILE:Cball-Bulgaria.png]] Bulgaria [[File:GERB.png]]
W.I.P

[[File:ROT.png]] Turkey [[File:Evren.png]][[File: Erdoğanism.png]]
"Main Articles: Neo-Ottomanism and  Stratocracy"

W.I.P.

[[File:Cball-Georgia.png]] Georgia [[File:Shevardnadze.png]][[File:Saakashvili.png]][[File:Necon.png]]
W.I.P

[[File:Cball-Albania.png]] Albania [[File:Auth3Way.png]]
W.I.P

[[File:Cball-Azerbaijan.png]] Azerbaijan [[File:YAP(Azerbaijan).png]]
W.I.P

[[File:Cball-IraqiKurdistan.png]] Iraqi Kurdistan [[File:NechirvanBarzani.png]]
Kurdistan refers to Iraqi Kurdistan, the autonomous zone, not the proposal


 * [[File:NechirvanBarzani.png]] Nechirvan Barzani - Nechirvan Barzani is the current president of Kurdistan, a two-time former prime minister and a former member of parliament. He is a member of the KDP and entered parliament in 1993, in which he made negotiations with the Iraqi government for Kusdistan. In the meantime he was briefly former prime minister.

In the times as prime minister and president, he made several reforms, expanded women's rights, secularism, economic improvement for a time, investments by foreign corporations, developmentalism (education, health, etc) and among others. In 2014, Kurdistan suffered from ISIS in the Middle East and millions of refugees, generating economic recession in the region, in which he helped refugees and later Yezidi captive survivors (3,340 rescues).

Even with the attempt at civic nationalism, there were numerous accusations of discrimination against ethnic minorities, human rights violations, repression of peaceful protests, forcing of Kurdish culture (Kurdification) and other violations. There are allegations of corruption by him and the Barzani family, including systematic corruption, embezzlement of millions of dollars and corruption involving businessmen, most leaked by WikiLeaks.

[[File:Cball-Libya.png]] Libya [[File:IdrisOfLibya.png]][[File:Gaddaficap.png]][[File:AuthcapGadda.png]]
W.I.P

[[File:Cball-Iraq.png]] Iraq [[File:IraqiNationalAccord.png]][[File:IslamicDawa.png]][[File:Necon.png]]
W.I.P

[[File:Cball-Grenada.png]] Grenada [[File:Eric Gairy.png]]

 * [[File:Eric Gairy.png]] Eric Gairy - Eric Gairy was a former Prime Minister, former Chief Minister and former Minister of Finance in Grenada. Initially, Gairy was mostly leftist, participating in unions and even founding a labor party, the [[File: Patcon.png]] United Labor Party of Grenada, causing him to be banned and lost his seat in 1957-1961. In 1961, he was re-elected and became chief minister and finance minister, but was fired the following year over questioned uses of state funds.

When he became former prime minister, the country was in post-independence civil strife, in which Glairy created a secret police called the Mongoose Gang to pursue political opponents. He rigged the 1976 elections through the use of his secret police, also using it to persecute communists from the New Jewel Movement, generating street violence even with other gangs. In 1978, he sent scientists and an astronaut to the UN to talk about UFOs. Even with the US government helping the then-government, many US citizens supported the anti-Glairy revolutionaries and activists. In 1979, after a visit to the US, there was a rumor that he would kill the New Jewel leaders, in response, Maurice Bishop overthrew the Glairy government and established a communist monarchy, even generating anti-Glairy activism in the US.

The American government went into exile from 1979 and 1983, returning to Grenada in 1893, participating in elections which he lost and dying in 1997.

[[File:Cball-Guyana.png]] Guyana [[File:BritishEmpire.png]]
W.I.P

[[File:Cball-Iran.png]] Iran [[File:Pahlavi.png]][[File:PolState.png]][[File:Khom.png]][[File:Rouhani.png]]
W.I.P

[[File:Cball-Qatar.png]] Qatar [[File:Thani.png]]
"Main Article: Monarcho-Capitalism" W.I.P.

[[File:Cball-Estonia.png]] Estonia [[File:Päts.png]][[File:MI6.png]]
W.I.P

[[File:Cball-Fiji.png]] Fiji [[File:FijiFirst.png]]
W.I.P

Personality and Behavior
Authcap acts like his father capitalism but more authoritarian and more willing to use the state for personal gain. May or may not like helicopters like his son Pinochetism.

How To Draw
Authcap_flag.svg
 * 1) Draw a ball with eyes.
 * 2) Color the ball black.
 * 3) Draw a yellow inverted triangle in middle of the ball.
 * 4) Draw a green dollar sign in the middle of the triangle.

Friends

 * [[File:Cap.png]] Capitalism - I remember when you and Authoritarianism raised me.
 * [[File:Sec.png]] Authoritarianism - Thanks for teaching me all about proper strict governance, dad.
 * [[File:Imp.png]] Imperialism - Based! Sometimes I may pretend to oppose him for domestic support when in fact I help him maintain control of the economy of his former colonies after decolonization!
 * [[File: Necon.png]] Neoconservatism - We need to spread capitalism too all of the world and gun down any opponent.
 * [[File:Authoritarian Conservatism.png]] Authoritarian Conservatism - Great business partner.
 * [[File:Natcon.png]] National Conservatism - Moderate version of above.
 * [[File:Pinochet-hat.png]] Pinochetism - Love your style of governance, son. Though I don’t understand your love of helicopter rides.
 * [[File:Fujimori.png]] Fujimorism - Excellent work crushing those shining path commies, my Japanese-Peruvian son.
 * [[File:Nazcap-Hat.png]] National Capitalism - Super based brother.
 * [[File:Statlib.png]] State Liberalism - Me with a cover of woke culture.
 * [[File:Corp.png]] Corporatocracy - Good business partner and I often allow him to participate in politics of respective country. You often help me with mass-surveillance and union busting.
 * [[File:Klep.png]] Kleptocracy - Neat ideas.
 * [[File:Strato.png]] Stratocracy - We work great together.
 * [[File:Right-AnEn.png]] Anti-Environmentalism - Time to drill some oil and sell air!
 * [[File:Franco.png]] Francoism - You became more based with time.
 * [[File:Nrx.png]] Neoreactionarism & [[File:Neocam.png]] Neocameralism - Lee Kuan Yew fans.
 * [[File:Gaullismicon2.png]] Gaullism - We work great together in Africa.
 * [[File:ThreeRepresents.png]] Three Represents [[File:Jiang_Tze-min.png]] - Best CCP politician in history! I had my doubts about you at first but you eventually opened your eyes and embraced the free market during the late 1990s, and created one of the most greedy and brutal oligarchies in the world. Your foreign policy was excellent as well. Too bad, Winnie the Pooh had to oust you and your Shanghai clique from power. You should have just dropped the communism name to he perfect.
 * [[File:Korwinism-Pikselart.png]] Korwinism - Best libertarian, specially Korwin himself!

Frenemies

 * [[File:Ancapf.png]] Anarcho-Capitalism - Cool but why the anarchism?
 * [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] Neoliberalism - Good job taking over the world and helping me consolidate power in third-world countries. However, there's no need for you to disguise yourself as a democratic ideology.
 * [[File:Corptism.png]] Corporatism - You know a thing or two about management but try to take my property and you die!
 * [[File:Statecap.png]] State Capitalism - Why do people think I'm you? Though still, we could be great business partners if you move more to the economic right.
 * [[File:ChiangKaiShek.png]] Chiang Kai-shek Thought - Fellow anti-communist dictator who got stabbed many times in the back by the US for not following their orders. However, you're not market-liberal enough when it comes to economics. Killing commies is based but killing rich Shanghai capitalists was not.
 * [[File:Showa-kanmuri.png]] Showa Statism - Imperial Japan was more based during the Meiji and Taishō era, but your staunch anti-communism was admirable.
 * [[File:Baath.png]] Ba'athism - Hafez Assad is quite based, Bashar is aided by [[File:Nazcap-Hat.png]] my son and Frans van Anraat helped Saddam, but you are closer to State Capitalism and pretend to be socialist.
 * [[File:Gaddafi.png]] Gaddafism - We used to be enemies when you funded and trained so-called "anti-imperialist", militant rebel groups across the world. Our relationship did, however, improve over time as you improved foreign relations with the west and encouraged foreign investment. I'm not sure what to think about your downfall.
 * [[File:Mobutism.png]] Mobutism - Based leader overall but the US eventually turned on you and with the help of Kagame and Museveni overthrew your regime following the Rwandan Genocide.
 * [[File:Hochi.png]] Ho Chi Minh Thought [[File:Đổi Mới.png]] (Post 1990s-) - I won't forgive you for the Fall of Saigon and destroying South Vietnam but I've been warming up to you since you initiated the Đổi Mới reforms and embraced free-market capitalism during the 1990s. Nguyễn Tấn Dũng is especially based.
 * [[File:Polpot.png]] Pol Potism - I like to say I hate you but my followers in Thailand, Singapore, and Malaysia supported you against your Vietnamese counterpart.
 * [[File:Khom.png]] Khomeinism - I won't forgive you for the Islamic Revolution and overthrowing the Pahlavi Dynasty. However, your staunch anti-communism is based and you've gotten better with time.
 * [[File:Socauth.png]] Social Authoritarianism - My least favourite business partner: Beware with your "social" €r@p. However, Thaksin was very based!
 * [[File:Liberalconservative.png]] Liberal Conservatism - Libtard who occasionally pretends to stand up for "human rights and democracy" but can be a good business partner from time to time.
 * [[File:3way.png]] Third Way - Same as above!
 * [[File:Austrobert.png]] Austrolibertarianism & [[File:Chilib.png]] Chicagoan Libertarianism - Both of you have good ideas, but how are you going to implement them in your small state?
 * [[File:Ike.png]] Rockefeller Republicanism - Twenty-one years of treason! However, your coups in Iran and Guatemala were based!
 * [[File:Reactlib.png]] Reactionary Liberalism - Good lib but be more anti-democratic.
 * [[File:Cball-EU.png]] European Federalism - I love the idea of one Europe united against socialism and the way you deal with illegal immigrants through Frontex is quite based. However, you could improve relations with Russia and China and treat Hungary with more respect.
 * [[File:Gorb.png]] Gorbachevism - One of the few lefties I can respect. Good job dismantling the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. Yeltsin took what you started to the next level.
 * [[File:Washdem2.png]] Washingtonism - Talked about 'liberty,' but owned slaves, and started the chain of events that created [[File:Necon.png]] my greatest ally.
 * [[File:ElonMusk.png]] Muskism - Improve relations with your father, Errol is based
 * [[File:Nazi.png]] National Socialism - Your privatizations and darwinism were megabased, but why the huge social state and large welfare spending spree with the government guarantee jobs for every citizen? Also, stop killing Jewish bankers. At least you are anti-communist, authoritarian, and statist.
 * [[File:Tito.png]] Titoism - Anti-bureaucratic revolution and the Breakup of Yugoslavia go brrrrr Socialist and anti-American, but thanks for supporting Stroessner and inspiring (at times) Milošević
 * [[File:Euras.png]] Fourth Theory - NazBol, but supports some right-wing dictators in Eurasian countries.
 * [[File:USA PSL.png]][[File:Grayzone.png]] Western Tankies [[File:George.png]][[File:ComradeTrump.png]] - Similar to above. You claim to hate capitalism but constantly simps for some of my followers. Curious.
 * [[File:XiJinpingThoughtf.png]] Xi Jinping Thought - I'll always be nostalgic for the time when Jiang Zemin and the Shanghai Clique ruled China but you exceeded my expectations. You've done nothing about the exploitative practices of Foxconn and Shein you maintained decent relations with Bill Gates and Elon Musk. You also reserved positions for based officials such as Li Keqiang, Wang Qishan, and Li Qiang. However, cool down with the lockdowns. They're incredibly damaging to the Chinese economy.
 * [[File:LDP(Japan).png]] Japan LDPism - Please you must go further than this. However, Nippon Kaigi is based and Japan did drop in the press freedom index under Shinzo Abe.

Enemies

 * [[File:Soc.png]] Socialism - Cringe economic system.
 * [[File:Marxlen.png]] Marxism–Leninism - My arch-enemy. We used to constantly fight for power in many different countries during the Cold War. It seems like I've won for now.
 * [[File:Stalin.png]] Stalinism - One of the worst things to ever exist. The fact that so many Russians and Georgians still worship you is beyond me.
 * [[File:Mao.png]] Maoism - Even worse than above. You inspired lunatics like Gonzalo, Kaypakkaya, and Sison who attacked my followers. However, your son is incredibly based.
 * [[File:Trot.png]] Trotskyism - A red neocon! What a nightmare! I may despise Stalin but you deserved the ice pick.
 * [[File:Awaj.png]] Anarchism - Why do so many college kids believe in this bullshit?
 * [[File:Ancom.png]] Anarcho-Communism - The two worst things in the universe combined.
 * [[File:Synd.png]] Syndicalism - Try to go on strike you red son of a bitch.
 * [[File:Sorelia.png]] National Syndicalism - Less class struggle, but still sucks.
 * [[File:Mutalist.png]] Mutualism - Less bad than the last commie anarchist but still quite awful.
 * [[File:Libsoc.png]] Libertarian Socialism - Please die.
 * [[File:Socdem.png]] Social Democracy and [[File:Dsa.png]] Democratic Socialism - You make me laugh! Any time you two morons show up in a third world country, I call my friends at CIA and MI6 and make sure you get couped and get replaced with me.
 * [[File:Pron.png]] Peronism - Viva Videla!
 * [[File:Sukarno.png]] Marhaenism - Haha communist genocide go brrrr.
 * [[File:Castro.png]] Castroism - You destroyed Cuba, asshole!
 * [[File:Castro.png]] - No, blame yourself and cope harder, Batista.
 * [[File:Hutupower.png]] Hutu Power - I will never forgive you for the Rwandan genocide!

Wikipedia

 * Authoritarian Capitalism
 * Private Prisons
 * McCarthyism
 * Operation Condor
 * Liberal Autocracy
 * Disneyland with the Death Penalty
 * White Revolution
 * SAVAK
 * Escuadrones volantes
 * 1993 Russian constitutional crisis
 * Black Friday (1978)
 * Spanish miracle
 * Đổi Mới
 * Military dictatorship in Brazil
 * New Order
 * National Reorganization Process
 * Portuguese Mozambique
 * East India Company
 * Kongo Free State
 * Colonia Dignidad
 * National Force
 * Nationalist Democratic Action
 * Cambodian People's Party
 * United Fruit Company
 * Brigade 2506
 * Pinkerton®
 * Frontex
 * Lockheed Martin
 * G4S Secure Solutions
 * Volkswagen's history
 * Blackwater/Academi
 * Pro-Beijing camp
 * Neom
 * Farmers' Assemblies
 * Russian All-National Union
 * Alliance for Brazil
 * National Resistance Movement
 * Murder, Inc.
 * Wagner Group
 * Federal Taxation Service

Videos

 * Wacky ideologies 17 Authoritarian Capitalism by Knights of alternate history
 * How Rwanda is Becoming the Singapore of Africa by Wendover Productions
 * Singapurism vs Libertarianism vs Socialism by Viva Chile
 * How Singapore Got Insanely Rich by Casual Scholar